Learn Python Basics

In programming, there are sets of instructions you will need to repeat multiple times. For example, if you want to perform the same task on every item in a list. What if you have a list of campaigns, and you want to print every one of them?  

When you need to repeat a set of instructions, sometimes you know the number of repetitions in advance; other times, you don't. There are also times when the number of repetitions does not matter, and you want to repeat the code until a certain condition is met.

For all of these purposes, you use loops. 

The for loop is the core type of looping in Python. A  for  loop is used to iterate over any sequence. That can be a list, tuple, dictionary, or even a string. With a  for  loop, you can execute the same code for each element in that sequence. 

Python makes it very easy to loop through every element of a sequence. If you want to print every element in a list, it will look like this:

dog_breeds = ["golden retriever", "chihuahua", "terrier", "pug"]
 
for dog in dog_breeds:
    print(dog)

In this code, each element in  dog_breeds  will be printed to the terminal.  dog is a variable name that updates to be the next element every time the loop repeats. Theoretically, you could change  dog  to  cockadoodledoo  and it would still perform the same functionality. 

You can do the same type of  for  loop if you want to loop over every character in a string.

To loop through a set of code a certain number of times, you can use the  range()  function, which returns a list of numbers starting from 0 to the specified end number.

for x in range(5):
    print(x)

This code will print 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 sequentially.

for x in range(100):
    print(f"{x} bottles of beer on the wall!")

The curly brackets  {}  here will take whatever value is in variable x and put it in its place. So in this example, the code will print:

0 bottles of beer on the wall!
1 bottles of beer on the wall!
…
99 bottles of beer on the wall!

The  range()  function defaults to 0 as a starting value, but you can change it by adding another integer like so:  range(4, 10)!

This range would return values from 4 to 10 (but not including 10).

While the for loop lets you execute code a certain specified number of times, the while loop keeps executing until a certain condition is met.  

In the previous chapter, you learned about conditions as statements that evaluate to true or false. The same applies here: code within a  while  statement will keep executing until the condition becomes false.

The code snippet below checks the current capacity and increases it by 1 until the maximum capacity is reached (+= 1 increases the current value by 1).

maximum_capacity = 10
current_capacity = 3

while current_capacity <= maximum_capacity:
    current_capacity += 1

Because the  current_capacity  starts at 3, this code executes 7 times until  current_capacity  hits 10. 

It’s important to be aware of infinite loops. If the condition you set is always true, the loop will continue to run forever!

For example:

x = 0
while x != 5:
    x += 2

In this situation, x will never hit 5!

Give your program some déjà vu! Practice using for  and  while  loops and learn a couple of extra tricks while you're at it in this activity! 🙂 🙃 🙂 🙃

Then, check your work by:

• submitting your project,

• navigating back to the course team page (click on the exercise title on the top left of your screen, then the team name "OCpythonbasics")

• clicking on "Fork the solution".

• Loops let you easily repeat tasks or execute code over every element in a list.

• A for  loop enables you to repeat code a certain amount of time.

• A while  loop lets you repeat code until a certain condition is met.

Loops are great to help you repeat code easily. Next, we’ll dive into functions; another way to help you bundle repeatable tasks.